The divination of haruspices among the Etruscans consisted of predicting the future or making a decision, as in all divination, with the use of certain objects and practices that were specific to them. The art of divination was brought to the Etruscans by Tages, son of the earth.
All these rituals were recorded in specific libri and which were reported to us by Latin authors in the sum that constitutes the Etrusca disciplina.
Inspection of victims' entrails
Their officiants (performers and not priests) were the haruspices and their main method was hepatoscopy (or hieroscopy), which consisted in scrutinizing the entrails, preferably the liver of an animal (or its malformations), compared with a model ( Foie de Plaisance), comprising the areas of influence, each attributed to the gods of their Pantheon.
Observation of natural signs
In celestial spaces :
Haruspicin was a renowned specialty of the haruspices. This other method (since known as brontoscopy) consisted of the observation of lightning by the “fulgurator haruspices”: The gods were each associated with one of the sixteen sectors cut out on the horizon. Color, shape, brightness made up the interpretation variables.
Seneca tells us about this:
“[…] the Etruscans believe that clouds collide in order to produce lightning; in fact, as they relate all things to the divinity, they believe not that things have a meaning because they occur but rather that they occur for the sole purpose of signifying. »
The Romans also owe to Etruscan practices, divination through their omens from the observation of nearby birds (ionoscopy or ornithomancy) to define their auspices (coming from notice the bird). Animal behavior :
- Appetite of chickens for the grain thrown at them (tripudium sonivivum faciunt)
Behavior of natural objects :
- Throwing nuts in front of the newlyweds, and analyzing their rebounds (tripudium solistimum)
Observation of wonders
This is the interpretation of natural phenomena occurring in the context of exceptional conditions (fire without cause, sudden death, lightning or thunder in good weather, monstrous birth, unusual acts of animals, malformed entrails, etc.):
- The absence of caput on the liver presaged death; the presence of this part in double caput duplex, the confrontation of two forces, their conflict;
- The fall without apparent cause of a rock or a tree (tripudium sonivivum), one of the most serious auspices.
